February_Heterogeneous Integration|Analysis of Important Process Technology Development Trend of Advanced Packaging(Next)

Published On: 2023/02/01|Categories: 科技(Technology)|

In recent years, the commercialization of applications such as the Internet of Things, big data, 5G communications, artificial intelligence, self-driving cars, and smart manufacturing has prompted semiconductor manufacturers to actively introduce advanced packaging technologies to meet customer demand for thinner and lighter wafers with faster data processing speeds and lower power losses. Therefore, the market mainly comes from computer and mobile device processors with complex functions and high-speed computation. As shown in Figure 2, the most powerful CPU/GPU will be the first to introduce the most advanced 2.5D/3D packaging technology in 2020, while the packaging technology used for mobile device processor ICs and RF ICs will lag behind by two or three generations respectively, and automotive ICs, which are simple in functionality but require higher weather resistance, will continue to utilize traditional packaging technology.

Figure 2: Changes in Semiconductor Packaging Technology for Different End Products

Source : KLA Tenco

由於晶片製程持續微縮會增加電晶體數量,並同步提升I/O接點密度,促使先進封裝技術必須配合縮小錫球、凸塊、導線的尺寸與間距。現階段進程如混合鍵合之導線間距最小達1μm,晶片與基板鍵合用凸塊間距介於40~80μm、重構層的導線寬度與間距都大於2μm、基板與印刷電路板間鍵合用錫球間距為300μm,如圖3所示。當它們的尺寸與間距不斷縮小時,需視情況改用製程精度更高的曝光與鍵合設備。目前先進封裝製程用曝光機有步進(Stepper)、掃描(Scanner)、光罩對準(Mask Aligner)、雷射直寫(Laser Direct Imaging)等類型,最早開發出是光罩對準式曝光機,它是將光罩圖案直接投影在光阻上,兩者保持一定距離的間隙以避免碰觸而損傷光罩,進而提升其壽命。步進與掃描都屬於投影式曝光機,其光罩圖案是透過光學系統投影在光阻上,它約是需要轉移圖形的4倍,藉此降低光罩製作難度與提升圖案精細度。步進與掃描曝光機都是透過多次移動晶圓來逐步完成曝光製程,兩者差異主要在光罩載台移動與否,前者是光罩不動下讓光源照射形成圖案,後者是光罩移動讓光源掃描形成圖案,其圖形轉移方式是先掃描再步進。雷射直寫曝光機是將輸入圖形檔案以雷射直接照射光阻上形成圖案,因而不需要製作昂貴的光罩,可降低生產成本。四種曝光機的重要性能比較如所表4列。運作方式較複雜的步進與掃描曝光機的解析度較高,但產量遠不及光罩對準、雷射直寫曝光機。根據圖3資訊,晶圓對晶圓(W2W)的混合鍵合製程須採用精度最好的步進式曝光機,重構層製程可使用步進或掃描式曝光機,四種曝光設備都能用於凸塊製程。隨著半導體大廠強化異質整合技術,將促使先進封裝製程跨入次微米領域,可望提升步進或掃描曝光機的銷售占比。

圖3、先進封裝的關鍵技術發展藍圖

Source : Yole Développement

 

表4、四種曝光機的重要性能比較與主要供應商

Source : Yole Développement

鍵合是將晶圓或晶片對準後連接以實現訊號相互導通,使用中間介質層與否分為直接與間接鍵合等兩類,先進封裝多採用直接鍵合,量產技術如熱音波(Thermo-sonic)、晶片取放(Pick & Place)後重流(Reflow)、熱壓(Thermo-compression)、雷射輔助(Laser Assisted)、混和(Hybird)等鍵合技術。通常依據I/O接點密度選擇適合的鍵合技術,如圖4所示,密度低到高依序採用銲線連接(Wire Bond)的熱音波鍵合、錫球的晶片取放後重流、凸塊的熱壓鍵合、導線直接連接的混和鍵合,若是容易翹曲的薄晶片則使用雷射輔助鍵合技術。隨著半導體大廠強化異質整合技術,將促使先進封裝製程跨入次微米領域,可望提升混和鍵合設備的銷售占比。此外,鍵合可分成晶圓對晶圓(W2W)、晶片對晶圓(D2W)等兩種方式,各設備商如表5所列,其中已推出混和鍵合設備的廠商有EVG、SUSS、TEL、Bondtech等公司。

圖4、鍵合技術發展進程

資料來源 : Besi

 

表5、兩種鍵合設備的主要供應商

Source : Yole Développement

February_Heterogeneous Integration|Analysis of Important Process Technology Development Trend of Advanced Packaging(Up)
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