In the past, gene sequencing was limited by its technical sensitivity and could not detect viral drug resistance at an early stage, thus missing the means of drug replacement therapy. With the popularization of next-generation sequencing and its better sensitivity, the medical profession has introduced next-generation sequencing technology to detect viral drug resistance such as HIV at the clinical end. With the introduction of complex target drugs and the key role of genetic mutations in the prognosis of cancer treatment being gradually clarified, next-generation sequencing technology, which is highly sensitive and can simultaneously identify different genetic variations, is also attracting attention and expanding its medical scope.